Ethical issues at a glance Essay Example For Students

Ethical issues at a glance Essay Are the significant advances in technology making business today unethical? Technological innovations have clearly changed the face of commerce. Communication, entertainment, and routine daily activities have been altered by the mounting technology era. Recently, theft via technology has reached epidemic proportions. Where do legal restrictions draw the line? Several issues concerning the extent of technology trouble both the legal environment and consumers. Potential investors hesitate to pour their money and savings into such an unsure, unpredictable venue. The legal atmosphere is not definite, leaving many potential technological investments prone to lawsuits. Movie and music companies are particularly likely to request the intervention of the courts. Such cases as Napster paved the way of certainty; however, each case is so different and has not been explored yet. Many feel that the risks are simply too high. These uneasy feelings hurt the investment market for innovations. Liabilities abound, forcing the courts to set new standards. Companies are developing and marketing items that almost ask users to partake in illegal activity. Some argue that companies who generate products or software that are designed in which they can easily be misused should be held liableespecially if the product could have been designed to reduce the risk of exploitation. For example, many believe sites should be closed if the organization is aware that use rs are abusing the sites original purpose. Many corporations debate that not all potential infringements can be predicted beforehand. They claim that our ever-changing society is too erratic to guess the ways in which consumers may attempt to misuse products. If made law, though, guidelines would be nearly impossiblehence, placing all power in the hands of content industries. The many uncertainties and possible liabilities could hinder inventors from developing new products. Oftentimes, items are created, and then tweaked after hitting the market. If developers are too afraid of consequences, they might not push designs to the limits. This could deprive a growing society of prospective greatness.

Introduction on Tyco International Leadership Crisis -Free Sample

Questions: What role did Tycos corporate culture play in the scandal? How did Dennis Kozlowski have the opportunity to steal $137 million in unauthorized bonuses? Why is Kozlowski, now a prisoner for a long time, unrepentant about his conduct as CEO of Tyco? Answer: Introduction In the paper, the case analysis of Tyco International is to be discussed. It is being identified that the leadership crisis inside the company held responsible for its downfall. The leaders of the company do not realize the value of ethical leadership as far as functions and operations were concerned. The high level of fraud and hiding the actual position to the investors comes out to be the biggest crime. The people behind the scene were brought in the limelight and were sentenced imprisonment for a period of 25 years. The lack of ethical leadership results in high level of mismanagement and chaos. Moreover, it badly spoiled the reputation and credibility of the company (Martin, 2011). Tycos Corporate Culture Tycos corporate culture plays a chief role in the scandal. The person liable for this scam named Dennis Kozlowski, took on the CEO position with the intention to raise the level of personal profits. The decentralized nature of the power and development of his own board are all responsible for creating such issues. In this way, the corporate culture fails to assess his working area and the way he was making his own team conceal his wrong doings (Maxcy, 2002). The corporate culture does not give importance to the ethical leadership concept. In the absence of this concept, Kozlowski drew undue advantage of his position and develop the culture of hypocrisy. Due to this only, he carried upon all the fraudulent practices under the name of the company and whistleblowers were also stricken away from their positions in a planned manner (Goodenough, 2008). Opportunity Dennis Kozlowski has the opportunity to steal $137 million in unauthorized bonuses by making wrong use of the power. In the very initial, his conduct and sincere role towards company do not create any doubt in the mind of the investors. This backs up in getting on the CEO position and to win over the trust of the companys investors. Slowly and gradually, he becomes close to the companys business aspects and aware of the profitable avenues. The wrong use of the power and concealing the facts from the investors led to the stealing of the amount. Along with this, the misappropriation of the funds took place and get affirmed by the team of fraudulent people working under the concerning Board of the Company. Along with this, the auditors does not play their role effectively and honestly. All these together are the reasons behind giving Dennis an opportunity to carry upon such illicit activities (Bellingham, 2003). Unrepentant Kozlowski, now a prisoner for a long time, unrepentant about his conduct as CEO of Tyco. This comes out to be the situation and it really makes one feel bad about the same. His deeds were not at all well and that makes the company highly affected. Its revenues go on lowering down and badly impact trust of the investors. Dennis actual aim was just to raise the personal income and not thinking about the companys downfall. His greatest achievements made him offered stock of the company, and he makes wrong use of it (Sims, 2003). From that time only, his intentions took more bad shape, and he started playing games by forming his own board filled with officials that were also aimed to be a part of this scam. The only reason he is not sorry for his conduct was that he lacks morals and ethics in his behavior. His conscious do not allow him to figure out the difference between what is right and wrong (McMahon, 2004). Ethical Leadership and Corporate Culture The ethical leadership and corporate culture are the main areas that serve to be the cornerstone of the company. Its presence is very much necessary to help the key professionals move in a right direction and support the company to grow and prosper. Corporate culture is helpful to bind the workers with the company and to carry their duties accordingly. In the business world, these two hold great relevance and importance with regards to the accomplishment of the goals and objectives. The presence of these two aspects would surely aim to support the firm enhance and augment in the most positive way. In the business world, these two act as the role models and make the company members carry upon practices in the most decent and honest manner. The conduct of the members needs to be favorable on the part of the company (Leigh, 2013). Research The two companies to research on are Wal-Mart and McDonalds. In Wal-Mart, the global ethics can be very well seen and it is gaining an immense level of popularity. The company is having a worldwide presence and it moves forth with the concept of Global Ethics. According to this, the key features of the program are to act as a pathfinder and resource for ethical decision-making, maintaining privacy within the system of reporting, and works as an ethics education in an incessant manner. The same goes with the company McDonalds, it also gives a great level of importance to the ethical aspects. Ethical leadership together with the corporate culture is considered by making it a constituent of the company. This seems to be of great assistance to permit the workers to perform their duties towards their customers at its best. These two companies direct others to give importance to these concepts in an organizational format (Ethics Integrity, 2016). Conclusion Ethical leadership and the Corporate Culture are to bind with each other, such that the functioning goes on successfully and effortlessly. By doing this, it would automatically raise the image and character of the company in the most positive manner. It is a must from the part of the company members to understand the worth of ethics and morals. This has to be considered in the working procedure just to back up the firm maintain its enduring presence. Along with this, the employees would also serve well to the expectations of the company and making shareholders pleased with the level of performance and functioning. References Bellingham, R. (2003). Ethical Leadership: Rebuilding Trust in Corporations. Human Resource Development. Ethics Integrity. (2016). Retrieved from https://corporate.walmart.com/our-story/ethics-integrity Goodenough, P.L. (2008). Ethical Leadership, Values Congruence, and Work Place Deviance: An Exploratory Study. ProQuest. Leigh, A. (2013). Ethical Leadership: Creating and Sustaining an Ethical Business Culture. Kogan Page Publishers. Martin, R. (2011). Fixing the Game: How Runaway Expectations Broke the Economy, and How to Get Back to Reality. Harvard Business Review Press. Maxcy, S.J. (2002). Ethical School Leadership. Rowman Littlefield. McMahon, T.F. (2004). Ethical Leadership Through Transforming Justice. University Press of America. Sims, R.R. (2003). Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility: Why Giants Fall. Greenwood Publishing Group.

Well

SAS is a privately-owned creator of software in the globe. It was ranked as the finest company to work in, owing to their drive to provide customers with the greatest business methodical technology and sustenance. The company has a user friendly HR strategy which provides technology applications enabling its customers to navigate easily and capitalize in the challenges and opportunities faced in their business life.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Well-designed HR systems in SAS specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company has its own balanced scorecard solution which includes a planned and HR vision software. The measurement of HR strategies is the best starting point to deal with an economy where value creation is dominated by human capital and some assets which are indefinable. Strategy is part of their goal, enabling the organization to learn how to lever the knowledge to their advantage. Combining s trategy and analytics has remarkably made the organization make informed decisions concerning the welfare of its customers (Cary and Lincoln 2000). The organization provides its employees with balanced lives which eventually lead to business and adept technology which can be appreciated. An environment that inspires the employees is offered, allowing them to build long-term relationships with their customers and focus in solving their economic troubles. As a result, SAS gleaned greater value from the huge volumes of data they collect resulting in their being the leader in business analytics. SAS enables its customers to turn vast quantity of data into usable knowledge in a supportive, encouraging and empowering culture. The employees create hours that they feel work best for them, and they end up feeling like a family. It is possible for another firm to adapt to the culture of SAS. Creating a family-like environment for its employees is influential in increasing the productivity of employees. Conflicting HRM practices Conflicting practices in HRM is one of the reasons of lack of total performance in any organization. There are two levels that HRM is concerned with; the recruitment, motivating and developing of competent employees, and the assignment of conflict management. A level of conflict is usually experienced in many organizations hence the HRM specialist must formulate methods to eliminate or alter the conflict that arises (Campbell, Macklin Pinnington 2007). The conflicts usually involve achieving targets of production against representing the interests of the workforce. Achieve a balance between the two is indeed a hard task in this time of political and economic reforms.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Recommendations Organizations must understand that the endowment and commitment of their staff and managers are their greatest asset s. There must be structural challenges in the organization which must ensure that the workforce of the organization get recognition for their work. Managers must posses principled negotiating and counseling skills in order to handle issues of vacancies, transfer and voluntary retirement of employees. Local management enlightening and training mechanisms must be developed to equip the management with the necessary skills. Attempts to recruit and retain highly skilled workers must be made from the onset in order to have a minimal workforce which is productive. The company should embrace the idea of development of the careers of the employees and enable discussions on their career and aspirations (Campbell, Macklin Pinnington 2007). Conclusion It is the responsibility of HR departments to ensure that their organization creates a favorable environment for its employees. Suitable working conditions create greater productivity and career enhancement. Highly-efficient employees will be mo tivated to be more productive and boost the organization’s image. References Campbell, T. Macklin, R. Pinnington, A. (2007). Human resource management:Â  ethics and employment. New York: Oxford university press. Cary, N. Lincoln, M. (2000). Balanced Scorecard Collaborative Taps SAS for HRÂ  Action Working Group. Web. This research paper on Well-designed HR systems in SAS was written and submitted by user Keaton Durham to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Destiny in Naturalism Essay Example

Destiny in Naturalism Essay Example Destiny in Naturalism Paper Destiny in Naturalism Paper Essay Topic: Young Goodman Brown and Other Hawthorne Short Stories This corner stone of the genre is used to great effect in Nathaniel Hawthorns Young Goodman Brown, where the author exploits the evil of man to display this key feature of literary Naturalism, that of destiny, by Juxtaposing the reality of the seemingly devout puritans of Salem with the veiled truth behind their double lives. We are first Introduced to Young Goodman Brown In a typical, realist way; with the minor details that culminate In an accurate depiction of the way day to day life Is for the middle class protagonist and his wife. With Hawthorne ever-present use of foreshadowing however, the reader Is at once thrust Into the world of naturalism with the mention of Browns wife Faiths pink ribbons. This vivid symbol serves throughout the work to remind the reader of Faiths goodness, and yet, in the end, serves to display that however good she might have been, Faith is destined for something darker. As Faith begs her husband not to leave her on his Journey, the good and pure wife senses, if not knows, that something foul awaits her dear husband at the end of his travels. This collocation, upon inspection, alludes to the vile that lurks beneath the rather benign fade of our Just-begun story. As Goodman Brown Journeys on his way we are introduced to a character that bears striking resemblance to Brown. In their conversation Brown learns of the intimate nature In which his new companion Is acquainted with his family. As his fellow traveler speaks of his experiences with Browns family, the old man talks of some less than favorable events that he has undertaken with Browns father and grandfather. Pone learning of these events, Goodman Brown replies, We are a people of prayer, and good works, to boot, and abide no such wickedness (1200). This recall of his families past hints of Browns eventual fate and speaks to the life he is destined to lead. Though he believes he is of right and good lineage, he in fact is not. As the two continue their conversation, we find that Brown has changed his mind, and that the evil purpose (1 199), which he was set out on his Journey to accomplish, is no longer something he intends to complete. From this short distance into the story we see the force of destiny so heavily pulling on our main characters life: though he has decided that he shall not continue, It Is as If something stronger Han he, something not of this world Is yet pulling him towards his eventual fate. As Brown Is bldg move further along toward his destination by his elder guide, strange occurrences begin to pass. These unexplainable events, which perhaps happen only In our Young Goodman Browns mina, are textbook supernatural, Ana serve to underscore the dubbing of this short work of fiction as Naturalist. The pull of destiny is no where seen more vivid than in Young Goodman Browns realization deep in the forest that his beloved wife is going, the same night, to the same place that he has thus decided not to go. Bewildered and faint-hearted, Brown looks up to the night sky above to see a cloud, though no wind was stirring, hurried across the zenith, hid(inning) the brightening stars (1203). As this troublesome sight sweeps north in the direction he is supposed to be headed, he watches and listens and inexplicably enough hears the voices of his fellow towns people of Salem, and finally, to his horror, his cherished Faiths lamenting voice. As the cloud and the voices sweep away, down from above flutters a lone pink ribbon. This otherworldly occurrence points directly to the foregone conclusion that is Young Goodman Browns fife. His destiny is so etched in stone that even his marriage to such a good and pure woman cannot keep him from the indomitable evil that so unabashedly seeks his soul. As Brown realizes that his Faith is now on her way to the same place he was going, and that his faith in the good of humanity is eroded, he gives in to the forces of destiny saying, My Faith is gone. There is no good on earth; and sin is but a name. Come, devil! For to the is this world given (1204). When Brown finally reaches his destination and wholly realizes what he has come o partake in, a dark figure stands up before all that are gathered and begins to speechify to him and his wife about their fellow towns people; those that they believed they knew so well. There are all whom ye have reverenced from youth. Ye deemed them holier than yourselves, and shrank from your own sin, contrasting it with their lives of righteousness, and prayerful aspirations heavenward. Yet, here are they all, in my worshipping assembly! This night it shall be granted you to know their secret deeds; how hoary-bearded elders of the church have whispered wanton words o the young maids of their households; how many a woman, eager for widows weeds, has given her husband a drink at bed-time, and let him sleep his last sleep in her bosom; how beardless youths have made haste to inherit their fathers wealth; and how fair damsels?blush not sweet ones! ?have dug little graves in the garden, and bidden me, the sole guest, to an infants funeral (1206). These horrifying revelations, displaying the true nature of the people whom Brown and Faith live among in Salem, is yet another efficacious display of Hawthorns liberate use of destiny as it was described by his fellow Naturalist writers. Believing that they were surrounded by other devout puritan souls, the couple lived their lives as they were taught they should, never suspecting that their fate was so perilously chained to the unseen acts of evil that were daily transpiring around them. Their destiny was to fall into collusion with their deceivingly good neighbors, not to follow their counterfeit virtuous ways however, but alas to follow their vile, iniquitous ways. Yet all the while, as they followed like the good and pure that they strove to be, Young Goodman Brown and his dear sweet Faith were following that which was diametrically opposed to the life of a right and honorable puritan. Just as the pull of destiny was so pervasive in Young Goodman Browns life, so was the same force strongly seen in the life of the stories author. Nathaniel Hawthorne is today consolable one AT Americas greatest writers, Ana It seems Tanat en was always destined to be so. From childhood the pull of the written word began weaving its ways through Hawthorns life when at the age of nine, a ball playing accident left him lame for fourteen months. Released from regular schooling, he immersed himself in the familys books (Goggling). Just the same, destiny was showing its weight when Hawthorne graduated Bowdon College with classmates that would become lifelong friends: his most intimate companion Horopito Bridge (who would help arrange publication of his first book), Henry Headwords Longfellow (who would review it), and Franklin Pierce (who would become President of the United States and appoint Hawthorne consul to Liverpool) (Goggling) all of these acquaintances favored heavily in Hawthorns eventual success as a writer. Naturalism in literature has any varied characteristics, but I believe none of them to be as important as the force of destiny on the characters of the given story. Weaving a tale that pulls the reader in is a hard task to master, but with destiny in a writers pocket, captivating an audience is much easier to achieve. Letting the reader in on the secret, that which the character of the story is not aware, gives the reader a sense of ownership in the unfolding plot. It is as if the reader can see into the future, to the end of story, without actually having yet gone there. As is the case in Young Goodman Brown, we he reader knows something wicked this way comes; we know this almost from the outset. Hawthorne even goes so far as to compare and contrast in the most vivid way possible the lives of good the towns people of Salem seem to live with the shocking truth that underneath it all, these devout puritans are, in actuality, living lives more inline with the dark of the devil. Yet knowing what we know, we are unable to tear ourselves away from the text because we are now tied to the destiny of the character. As the French proverb says, One meets his destiny often in the road he takes to avoid it.

The Status of German Women under Nazism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Status of German Women under Nazism - Essay Example The end of World War I harkened the birth of several political groups in Germany possessing extreme views, such as those professing ultra-nationalistic and anti-democratic ideas. Adolph Hitler joined one of these groups known as the German Workers' Party. In the years following 1920, he became the leader of the party, later reorganizing and reorienting it to reflect his personality. He also renamed the party to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP) or, as translated into English, the National Socialist German Workers' Party. Nazism was the term by which the party's ideology, its doctrines, and its policies came to be known. (Columbia Encyclopaedia 2004) The ideology of Nazism was based on an amalgam of doctrines of racism, nationalism, and what was known as the "hero-cult" espoused by various writers and interpreted by Hitler and others in works such as Hitler's Mein Kampf. Instead of a set of well-described principles, Nazism was a vague ideology glorifying myth, prejudice, and nihilist views. Control was paramount and democracy was viewed as a corrupt form of government that served to protect the mediocre and weak elements of society. Under Hitler, Nazism became national law in Germany. (Columbia Encyclopaedia 2004) Nazism was a reaction to the emancipation of society, which occurred as monarchies throughout Europe fell and as Marxist ideology grew in popularity. Nazism, contrasted to the Marxist emphasis on the desire for equality in property ownership, focused on issues of social equality, primarily the issues of racial superiority and inferiority. (Harvey 1999: 77+) The anti-feminist spirit of Nazism was related in a significant manner to the movement's racist ideology, according to Stibbe (1993: 35+), who writes that "[l]ike the Jew, the modern 'emancipated' woman was seen as an agent of degeneracy and national decline, bringing in her wake the 'destructive' forces of Bolshevism, democracy, and parliamentarianism." A hint of Hitler's perspectives on the role of women became apparent shortly after his assumption of power in January of 1933. In his government's handbook for Nazi leaders and their organisations and members, entitled and translated as The ABCs of National Socialism, the following translated entry, which was directed at Jewish women, appeared: "[T]he Jewish housewife, herself, is no picture of cleanliness, but idly sits around, painted up and powdered and adorned in silk and baubles" (Rosen 1933, cited in Guenther 2004: 92). But Hitler's views of women in German society were not restricted to Jews alone. Women, in general, were cri ticised for purchasing cosmetics, perfumes, and other luxury items rather than saving the money or spending it on household items. Hitler, both through the ideology he promoted and the policies he enacted, insisted that German women must "return to their pre-emancipation roles" (Guenther 2004: 93). The ABCs of National Socialism, as translated, stated (Rosen 1933, cite

The role of Japanese women in Japan during WWII Research Paper

The role of Japanese women in Japan during WWII - Research Paper Example The war started in 1939 and ended in 1945. The reason behind the massive destruction was that the participating nations committed all their industrial, economic and scientific capabilities so as to win the war (Global History network). Among the participants of the war was Japan. The country joined the war in 1937 after the Japanese army invaded China and captured its capital city; Beijing. This move was opposed by other nations including the Soviet Union which signed the non-aggressive pact with China pledging material support. This terminated the China’s prior cooperation with Germany. In 1939, the Japanese forces flooded the yellow river thus stalling the Chinese-Japanese invasion and consequently giving China time to mount a formidable defense. Later, the Japanese decided to invade the Soviet Union where their army experienced their first serious defeat. At this time, Japanese army developed cracks with some factions opposing the move to continue invading China allies. They thus proposed that they should abandon Soviet interests and focus efforts towards Europe and the Americas. This was a grave military and tactical mistake based on what transpired. Unites States responded to Japanese invasion of Pearl Harbor by dropping atomic bombs on two Japanese towns; Nagasaki and Hiroshima. Millions died, property worth millions of dollars destroyed, and to date, scores of Japanese people suffer ailments like cancer that are directly or indirectly related to the two bombings (Kazuko). Majority of the participants in the war were the energetic men who could withstand tough conditions. This meant that women and children were left at home in most of the participating nations. Japan was not an exception where thousands of Japanese men went to the battle field. However, the women who were left behind also played significant roles in the war. Many women were left to look after their families and thus engaged in many

Synthesis of API’s and API’s based Derivative

Synthesis of API’s and API’s based Derivative Title of Proposed Project: Efficient synthesis of API’s and API’s based Derivative for their Structure Activity Relationship and Pharmacokinetics Profile Project Details Project Summary This project concern with the establishment of organic synthesis facilities in Department of Chemistry, UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI. The established facilities will be used for the training of BS/M.Sc./MS/M.Phil. And Ph.D. scholars in the field of Organic Synthesis. In this project we will focus on the establishment of synthetic organic laboratory, the synthesis of the two API’s (Secnidazole Atenolol). We are requiring the following basic facilities which we want to establish by this research project. Facilities required for: Organic Synthesis Fuming HOODs for save, non-hazardous and smooth working at the moment. Inert atmosphere working conditions since many organic reactions requires inert condition. Safety equipment’s i.e. firefighting equipment’s, washing shower in case of chemical accident and first aid facilities. (UPS) as regular power breakdown results in the unsuccessful reactions and causing faults in the electronic instruments. UV lamp as processing of many reaction monitor under UV light. Rotary evaporator Partial availability of glass wares. MAS-II Microwave workstation for repaid synthesis of APIs. Proposed Goals / Objectives Hypothesis / Basis of research The purpose of this project is to setup a laboratory which can design (Organic Synthesis) and synthesize (Organic Synthesis) the APIs for the local Pharmaceutical industry along with the establishment of the required facilities. The following APIs will be synthesized. ATENOLOL Efficient Synthesis of Atenolol. Synthesis of Atenolol based derivatives for Structure-Activity Relationship Studies (SARS) and their pharmacokinetics profile SECNIDAZOLE Efficient Synthesis of Secnidazole Synthesis of Secnidazole based derivatives for Structure-Activity Relationship Studies (SARS) and their pharmacokinetics profile Goals / Objectives Boost up economy of Pakistan Synthetic solution for local industry. Provide sufficient amount of these drugs to common people. INTRODUCTION API stands for active pharmaceutical ingredients and its covers a lot of pharmaceutically active compounds which has great importance in industry as well as to common people as the insufficiency of these drugs causes hundreds of death. Due to the importance of API we decided to work with the synthesis of API as it will create the impact of API research on national level. The synthesis of API could decrease the import bill of such active ingredient in Pakistan and also opens the opportunity of job. This project could provide a platform to save the foreign currency reserves and supply sufficient amount of drugs to common people at low cost. Ours Efforts will be enabling to purpose the more efficient synthesis of complex molecules. In this project we have design the synthesis of the following APIs ATENOLOL Efficient Synthesis of Atenolol. Synthesis of Atenolol based derivatives for Structure-Activity Relationship Studies (SARS) and their pharmacokinetics profile SECNIDAZOLE Efficient Synthesis of Secnidazole Synthesis of Secnidazole based derivatives for Structure-Activity Relationship Studies (SARS) and their pharmacokinetics profile 4a) Background of the Research Problems to be addressed Secnidazole (Part: A) Efficient Synthesis of Secnidazole Secnidazole is a molecule which belongs to the class of 5-nitroimidazole and it is considerably more effective than other imidazole drugs. It is the important API required for the local industry. However it has been used for the treatment of amoebiasis, giardiasis, urogenital trichomoniasis and nonspecific bacterial vaginosis and also a gel formulation of secnidazole was developed for the treatment of periodontitis. . All nitroimidazoles are synthetic drugs such as metronidazole. Tinidazole, dimetridazole, secnidazole and ornidazole. Among all these we selected secnidazole because of its High efficacy. Secinidazole is the mainly use for antiprotozoal activity and its single dose possess three days anti protozoal activity. Figure 1: Chemical Structure IUPAC Name:1-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl) propan-2-ol Figure 2: Proposed Two-Step Synthesis route for Secnidazole After observing the reaction condition and UV-Vis absorption, FTIR, ESI-MS and NMR results. The purposed scheme will be optimized. Synthesis of Secnidazole based derivatives for Structure-Activity Relationship Studies (SARS) and their pharmacokinetics profile Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of existing drugs can be enhanced by chemical modifications. A prodrug (drug transporter) formation is a great approach to improve and modify the physio chemical properties of the drug, boost up its concentration at the site of action, extend its period of action and decrease its toxicity. Regarding 5–7% of drugs approved worldwide are categorized as prodrug. Prodrugs are the reversible, inactive or less active derivatives of a drug. Prodrugs are hydrolyzed either by enzymatically or non-enzymatically to discharge parent drug while the co-drugs (mutual prodrug) are the special type of prodrug in which two or more pharmacologically active pro moieties exist via chemical bond to release two or more parent drugs upon the cleavage of bond by enzymatically or chemically. The variety of chemical linkages used in the formation of Prodrugs. Although the ester formation is common followed by imides, amide and carbamate derivative. Thatâ₠¬â„¢s why in this project our aim is to synthesize the prodrug for its better mode of action and their structure activity relationship and their pharmacokinetics profile. ATENOLOL (Part: B) Efficient Synthesis of Atenolol Atenolol (ATN) belongs to the class of drug called beta-blockers. Beta-blockers (beta adrenoreceptor antagonists) are basically competitive inhibitor that’s inhibits the action of stimulating hormones on beta adrenergic receptors in the nervous system. Atenolol works by competing for receptors sites on cardiac muscle. This slow down the strength of heart‘s contractions and reduce its oxygen requirements and the volume of blood it has to pump. Atenolol is one of the extensive used active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) for the treatment of Hypertension, myocardial infarction (Heart attack), Arrhythmias (rhythms disorder), Angina (chest pain) and disorder arising from decreased circulation of blood. Figure 1: Chemical Structure IUPAC Name:2-[4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino) propoxy] phenyl] acetamide Figure 2: Proposed Two-Step Synthesis route for Atenolol The stereochemistry is important for any molecules. In atenolol (S) isomer is important for its activity the opposite (R) enantiomer may be responsible for the side effects. There have been considerable efforts done in the preparation of enantiomerically pure(S) confirmation Synthesis of Atenolol based derivatives for Structure-Activity Relationship Studies (SARS) and their pharmacokinetics profile On the basis of the importance of prodrug (mention above part) our aim is to synthesize the prodrug for its better mode of action and their structure activity relationship and their pharmacokinetics profile. 4B.RESEARCH PLAN/ METHODOLOGY: SCHEDULE/PHASING Establishment of Organic Synthesis Facilities: In the starting 1st months of this project all the basic and reaction requirement apparatus and glassware will be installing. Efficient Synthesis of SECNIDAZOLE: After initialization, the starting 3 months will be utilized on the proposed and modified efficient synthesis of Secnidazole to get the maximum yield of required API at minimum cost. Synthesis of SECNIDAZOLE based derivatives for SARS: In the 5th and 6th month modification on the molecule of Secnidazole will be applied and study their pharmacokinetics profile Synthesis of ATENOLOL: In the period of 7th to 9th month of the project efficient synthesis of atenolol will be done Synthesis of ATENOLOL based derivatives for SARS: In the period of 10th to 11th month of the project timeline, derivatization of atenolol will be carried out and studied their pharmacokinetics profile Summarize results and expand to new project: At the end month of this project timeline a final project report will be submitted along with findings. Also discuss the achievements and problems faced during this project. 4c) References Secnidazole (Part: A) Larina, Lyudmila, and Valentin Lopyrev.Nitroazoles: synthesis, structure and applications. New York: Springer, 2009. Crozet, Maxime D., Cà ©line Botta, Monique Gasquet, Christophe Curti, Vincent Rà ©musat, Sà ©bastien Hutter, Olivier Chapelle, Nadine Azas, Michel De Mà ©o, and Patrice Vanelle. Lowering of 5-nitroimidazoles mutagenicity: towards optimal antiparasitic pharmacophore.European journal of medicinal chemistry44, no. 2 (2009): 653-659 Wang, She-Feng, Yong Yin, Fang Qiao, Xun Wu, Shao Sha, Li Zhang, and Hai-Liang Zhu. Synthesis, molecular docking and biological evaluation of metronidazole derivatives containing piperazine skeleton as potential antibacterial agents.Bioorganic medicinal chemistry22, no. 8 (2014): 2409-2415. Samanta, Himadri Sekhar, and Samit Kumar Ray. Controlled release of tinidazole and theophylline from chitosan based composite hydrogels.Carbohydrate polymers106 (2014): 109-120. Elias, P. cureforneedy.com 2009, 1-11. Shahid, Hafiz Abdullah, Ejaz Hussain, Sajid Jahangir, and Sammer Yousuf. 1-(2-Methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl) propan-2-yl acetate.Acta Crystallographica Section E: Structure Reports Online70, no. 3 (2014): o294-o294. Atenolol (Part: B) Chaudhari, Vilas, Syed Hussain, and Milind Ubale. International Journal of Chemical Studies. Kitaori, Kazuhiro, Yoshikazu TAKEHIRA, Yoshiro FURUKAWA, Hiroshi YOSHIMOTO, and Junzo OTERA. A practical synthesis of optically active atenolol from chiral epichlorohydrin.Chemical and pharmaceutical bulletin45, no. 2 (1997): 412-414. Darnle, Subhash V., Prashant N. Patil, and Manikrao M. Salunkhe. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of (R)-and (S)-atenolol and propranolol employing lipase catalyzed enantioselective esterification and hydrolysis.Synthetic communications29, no. 22 (1999): 3855-3862 IMPACT OF PROPOSED RESEARCH The impact of this project will boost up the economy of Pakistan and will decrease the import bill of Pakistan and also increases the exportation. The project also aims to train the man power and create the skillful hand that can provide the better solution to our local industry. This project also creates the networking between the local industry and researcher. This project also contributes in the providing of the medicine to common people at minimum cost. Estimated Budget For The Proposed Research Period: DESCRIPTION PER YEAR Amount (in million Rs) A. Salaries and Honorarium PI: One Month/Year of Basic Pay @ 104000 0.104 (208000) Student Ships @ 20,000.00 per month (two) 480000 0.48 (480000) Secretariat Staff Part-time Lab Attendant @ 1500 PM 18000 0.018 (18000) Subtotal: (A) 602000 0.602 (602000) B. Permanent Equipment General purpose fume hood @ Pkr 150,000/= (two) 300000 0.600 (600000) The rotary evaporator  ® r 3 focuses and accessories @ Pkr 1500000 1500000 1.500 (1500000) Jacketed reaction apparatus @ Pkr 169650/= (one) 169650 0.1695 (169650) Glassware, hotplates, stirrer, etc. 250000 0.250 (250000) Laptop (dell core 2i) 50000 0.050 (50000) General lab update i.e. Ups and power supply solutions 250000 0.250 (250000) Mas II: microwave synthesis system @ $8000/= (one) 800000 0.800 (800000) Subtotal: (B) 3319650 3.319650 (3319650) C. Expendable Supplies Chemicals and solvents 300000 0.300 (300000) General lab expenditures 100000 0.100 (100000) Spectroscopy techniques 250000 0.250 (250000) Subtotal: (C) 650000 0.65 (650000) D. Others (Literature, documentation, information, online literature search, contingencies, postage, Local Travel Miscellaneous etc). Journal Publication Fee / Online Material (up to Rs.50,000) 50000 0.050 (50000) Stationary/Contingency (10,000/- per year) 10000 0.010 (10000) Participation in local conferences, workshops and winter summer schools by PI and students 10000 0.010 (10000) Audit Fee (Max. Rs 10,000) 10000 0.010 (10000) Accountant Fee (Max. Rs. 10,000) 10000 0.010 (10000) Subtotal: (D) 90000 0.090 (90000) Grand Total (A + B + C + D): 4661650 4.661650 (4661650) JUSTIFICATION Salaries Allowances Two Studentships @ 20,000.00 per month (PM): It is very necessary that at least two full time studentships available to students so that students can perform their work with piece of mind so that they have no need to sort part time jobs to meet their day to day expense Part-time Lab Attendant @ 1500 PM: During period of project operations different kind of tasks are assigned to Lab Attendant in addition to their normal job responsibilities. Therefore it is justified to compensate their work with an honorarium. Permanent Equipment: The Rotary Evaporator and accessories (one): Many organic reactions are in liquid phase and require much more time to evaporate on room temperature that’s why to save time and fast reaction process need rotary evaporator. General Purpose Fume Hood: As many organic reaction, chemicals and solvents are hazardous to human health. For safety and precautionary step need two fuming hoods Jacketed Reaction Apparatus: It is the temperature control apparatus. As many reaction are temperature dependent and monitor through varying temperature. to make reaction efficient we need jacketed reaction apparatus Glassware, Hotplates, Stirrer, refwork etc: These are the basics requirement for organic synthesis as well as we have shortage of these basics needs that’s why we need these General lab updates i.e. UPS and Power Supply solutions: Regular breakdown of power supply has resulted in the failure of organic reactions as well as damage of electronic appliances. Therefore a need to establish backup of power supply. Expendable supplies Chemicals and solvents: These play key role in all reaction either organic or inorganic and no one can performed reaction without this so these funding are fully justified General Lab Expenditures: these are the basic need for researcher to meet day to day expenses Participation in local conferences, workshops and winter/summer schools by PI and students: These funding are required to communicate our work on national and international level. Also learn gain information from their experience